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  • THE THEATRE OF WAR CASTLE KLESSIN 1945

    THE THEATRE OF WAR CASTLE KLESSIN 1945

    Memorial and memorial site

    Just 1 km south of Wuhden lies Klessin, today a district of Podelzig. The village of Klessin and the manor were completely destroyed in the spring of 1945. A natural memorial and remembrance site has been created on the grounds of the manor. In addition to the historical reappraisal, an interesting, scenic area has also been recultivated.

    In the first days of February 1945, the Red Army overcame the frozen Oder between Küstrin and Lebus. This was followed by weeks of fierce fighting around the Reitweiner Sporn. The small villages of Wuhden and Klessin were heavily contested. Wuhden fell at the end of February. The pressure from three sides on Klessin increased and led to the encirclement of the village by the Soviet army. On 24 March, there was a violent breakout by the German soldiers who were still able to walk, and Klessin finally fell into Soviet hands. Many soldiers on both sides were killed or wounded in the seven weeks of fighting. Around 62,000 shells were fired at the Klessin area. Nowhere else in Germany was there such fierce and prolonged fighting over a settlement area. The village and estate of Klessin were razed to the ground. The population returning in May 1945 found unimaginable chaos. The earth was riddled with shells and criss-crossed by many trenches. The bodies of the fallen soldiers, decomposing in the fields and trenches, had to be buried.

    80 years have passed since then. Until now, there was no memory of this dramatic event, of death and destruction. The site of the former estate was used as a rubbish dump in the GDR. In 2009, the Wuhdener Heimatverein e. V. acquired the site from the BVVG. Together with the Association for the Recovery of Fallen Soldiers in Eastern Europe (VBGO), the site has been searched for fallen soldiers from both armies since 2008. To date, around 250 German and Soviet soldiers have been recovered and buried. The ammunition recovery service and the German War Graves Commission accompanied the project for many years. At the same time, a concept was developed as to how the area could be designed as a place of remembrance and commemoration. The Wuhdener Heimatverein e.V. was supported by the VBGO, a planning office, several companies and many hard-working hands. The descendants of Otto von Albedyll, the owner of the manor, have also made generous donations to help fund the project.
    The construction of the memorial and remembrance site "Klessin Castle Theatre of War" took around 15 years.

    Metal sculptures were made from the war scrap. The members of the Wuhdener Heimatverein e.V. maintain the area on a voluntary basis together with other helpers. It was inaugurated in a ceremony on 20 May 2023. Since then, it has been open to the public and accessible to everyone. If you drive along Klessiner Straße in Podelzig, you can see the large portal of the castle, which was destroyed in the war and is made of Corten steel, from afar. On the right, a large steel plaque with laser-engraved lettering welcomes visitors. Opposite is the car park for buses and cars. To the left and right of the paved circular path, plaques and acoustic columns provide information about Klessin's history and the battle.

    On 29 March 2025, a commemoration and remembrance event will take place in Klessin to mark "80 years since the end of the Second World War".

    The story of Klessin as an audio contribution (Language: German)

    Website Wuhdener Heimatverein e.V. with further information about the memorial site, the region and the voluntary work.


    History trail war events 1945

  • MUSEUM OF THE KÜSTRIN FORTRESS

    MUSEUM OF THE KÜSTRIN FORTRESS

    Unique surface monument on the Oder

    The Prussian fortress of Küstrin was built in the middle of the 16th century and, with six bastions, was one of the largest European city fortresses of its time. It was continuously expanded until 1887 and four outer forts were added: Gorgast, Zorndorf (Sarbinowo), Säpzig (Zabice) and Tschernow (Czarnow). Due to advances in weapon technology, the fortress was technically obsolete shortly afterwards and its military function was abandoned.

    In January 1945, the Red Army advanced from the east, gaining considerable ground and driving refugees and scattered Wehrmacht units before them. Küstrin was an important target on the Oder because a railway line and a highway led directly to Berlin via the bridges. Meanwhile, the Germans once again declared Küstrin a fortress, made makeshift additions to the historic defences with obstacles and field fortifications and assembled a garrison of around 10,000 men to hold off the enemy as long as possible while they captured the town and occupied the bridges.

    The first Red Army units reached Küstrin on 31 January. In the following weeks, bridgeheads were set up under fierce German resistance and the city was sealed off except for a small corridor. However, it could not be taken. On 6 March, the Red Army began a simultaneous attack from several sides, which was to lead to the complete elimination of the defences. On 12 March, the new town of Küstrin was conquered. On 22 March, the Soviet bridgeheads were successfully brought together and the Küstrin fortress was cut off from supplies. German attempts to relieve the fortress were unsuccessful, which even Hitler's personal intervention could not change. From 24 March, the old town was bombed so heavily that no building survived. It was not until 30 March that the fortress was finally captured and replacement bridges for traffic and the railway were built. The first train rolled over the bridges towards Berlin as early as April 1945.

    On the western side of the Oder, the German troops used the time to expand their defences on the Seelow Heights, around 10 km away. The last major battle of the Second World War took place there from 16 to 19 April 1945. On 8 May 1945, Nazi Germany capitulated and the national borders in Europe were redrawn. As a result of Poland's shift to the west, Küstrin became Kostrzyn nad Odrą. The new town was rebuilt. The area of the old town was left to its own devices in the new German-Polish border region and was "forgotten" for almost 50 years. It was not until 1994 that some areas of the fortress began to be excavated, with ruins of old houses, paved streets and pavements coming to light under the mounds of earth. Today, the Küstrin Fortress Museum in Kostrzyn nad Odrą is a unique area monument, also known as the "Pompeii on the Oder". It is an impressive reminder of war and its consequences. Exhibitions tell the story of the fortress and information boards help visitors to tour the former old town centre of Küstrin.


    History trail war events 1945

  • MARTYRDOM MUSEUM IN SŁOŃSK

    MARTYRDOM MUSEUM IN SŁOŃSK

    The history of the former Sonnenburg concentration camp as an audio report (Language: German)


    History trail war events 1945

  • On the trail of the Knights of St John

    On the trail of the Knights of St John

    The cross-border region to the east of Berlin is characterised above all by nature along the Oder and Warta rivers, which meet at the former fortress of Küstrin in Kostrzyn nad Odra. A large part of this region was owned by the Order of St John for many centuries and the St John's Cross can still be found today in many town coats of arms, on churches or in castles and fortresses.

    Discover tranquil towns and villages, legendary castles and palaces or historic churches on the trail of the Knights of St John. Visit the castle ruins in Słońsk and bring the splendour of bygone times back to life with our augmented reality app. Celebrate the Moritz Festival in Słońsk or one of the many St John's festivals in the region. Make a pilgrimage to Templar and St John's churches and learn more about the exciting history of the Order of Knights.

    The Knights of St John of Jerusalem (Order of St John) was the legal successor to the Knights Templar, which was dissolved in 1312. In 1382, the "Balley Brandenburg" was formed as an independent "regional branch" of the Order of St John with its centre in Sonnenburg (Słońsk). The bailiwick focussed on the cultivation of large estates and thus gradually separated itself from the main order, which, ultimately as the Order of Malta, waged war until the 18th century. In 1538, the Balley of Brandenburg converted to the Protestant faith, in contrast to the rest of the Order.

    The Knights of St John were responsible for the construction of Sonnenburg Castle and other castles, administrative centres and churches on both sides of the Oder, for example in Friedland, Łagów, Świebodzin and Sulęcin. The work of the Knights of the Order had a decisive influence on the development of the Oder-Warthe region. After the Thirty Years' War, they were responsible for reorganisation and reconstruction. In the 18th century, they were instrumental in draining the Warthebruch marshland and founded around 40 new villages and outbuildings. They created work and income and provided a certain amount of health care for the population.

    In 1806, the Order's large estate was dissolved and transferred to the Kingdom of Prussia. Since then, the Johanniter have focussed on nursing and charitable work, especially during the world wars. Today, the Johanniter are responsible for elderly care facilities and hospitals as well as the Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe.

    The history of the Order of St John in the Oder-Warthe region is exciting and varied and can be easily traced in many places. As part of a German-Polish funding project involving the town of Seelow, the "Traces of the Knights of St John" in the Oder-Warthe region were divided into four sub-areas in 2020-23 and linked via local and regional circular routes. The centre of this offer is the touristically upgraded ruins of the former Sonnenburg Castle in Słońsk.

  • Places of the Cold War

    Places of the Cold War

    At the end of the Second World War, the Oder-Warthe region became a border area between Germany and Poland. The previously shared history experienced an almost complete reboot due to the radical population exchange east of the Oder. The forcibly migrated population of the former eastern Poland brought their own history, culture and language with them, which created a language barrier in addition to the new physical border.

    Cultures of remembrance began to develop separately from one another, characterised by the narratives of the victorious powers, which still exist today. Two fundamentally different ideologies (capitalism / socialism) became entrenched on German soil (FRG/West Berlin and GDR) and almost escalated into the Cold War. The way the Second World War was dealt with in the FRG, the GDR and the People's Republic of Poland in the form of memorials and public holidays, school lessons, war memorials, war cemeteries and museums was also influenced by ideology.

    The Oder-Warthe region first had to find its way into this mixed situation and thus wrote a new history. In the course of the Cold War, military, civilian and government bunker facilities were built to protect against nuclear strikes and to coordinate and execute them. Once again, a network of facilities emerged to control the population and secure the communist dictatorship, e.g. youth detention centres and work yards, military prisons and state security sites.

    Our recommendation for a 2-day educational tour takes you back to the Cold War era, which was characterised by fear of nuclear strikes, the nuclear arms race, provocation and mistrust. Underground bunkers with former interception and telecommunications stations as well as first and second strike scenarios impressively demonstrate the calculations and madness of the Cold War.

    "Seewerk" Falkenhagen: from Nazi production bunker to Warsaw Pact command post

    An armaments plant built by the National Socialists from the end of the 1930s with the camouflage designation "Seewerk" was developed into one of the most secret locations of the Soviet army in the GDR after the end of the Second World War. In the 1970s at the latest, it was converted into a command post of great military importance. In the event of a military escalation with NATO troops, various units of the Soviet Army and liaison officers from all the relevant Warsaw Pact countries would have moved into Falkenhagen.

    Object 3003: Soviet missile base for the nuclear strike against NATO

    In 1970, 3 bunker complexes were completed in Poland, which were equipped with a total of 178 nuclear warheads from the mid-1980s. Object 3003 in the forest near Templewo was one of the three secret complexes that were kept in operation under the protection and command of Soviet special forces. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the bunker was emptied and abandoned by the Russian army in 1992.

    Bunker Museum Fuchsbau

    The eventful history of the underground intelligence centre stretches from the National Socialists to the command of the NVA air force and the Bundeswehr. Originally intended for demolition, the GDR reactivated the historic bunker in 1965 and added a new underground building as the Central Command Post 14 (ZGS-14). After German reunification, the bunker was briefly used by the Bundeswehr, which ended in 1994 when the site was closed and the bunker was sealed.

    Garzau bunker heritage site

    Between 1972 and 1975, the NVA's Organisation and Computer Centre (ORZ) was built near Garzau. In the nuclear bomb-proof underground, all relevant data on the state of the army was collated on a mainframe computer as part of daily reports on strength, stocks and incidents from all three branches of the NVA. The ORZ made the data available to the Ministry of National Defence (MfNV) based in Strausberg and thus functioned as an "operational information system for the staff".

    Object 17/201 Strausberg: Formerly a nuclear-safe intelligence centre, now a cultural bunker

    When the NVA was founded in 1956, a Nazi-era barracks in Strausberg was designated as the headquarters of the Ministry of National Defence. From the end of the 1970s, "Object 17/201 - Command Centre of the Central Staff of the German Postal Service in Strausberg" was built. Hidden from the public, one of the most important and modern bunker facilities in the GDR was built here. Since 2019, the bunker with its more than 200 rooms has gradually been converted into the "Kulturbunker Strausberg".

  • Places of encounter

    Places of encounter

    At the end of the Second World War, the Oder-Warthe region became a German-Polish border area. The previously shared history experienced an almost complete reboot. In addition to the new border along the Oder, the westward shift of Poland also brought a radical population exchange on the now Polish side of the Oder, combined with a new language barrier.

    Characterised by the narratives of the victorious powers, memory was "overwritten" and cultures began to develop separately from one another. Two fundamentally different ideologies (capitalism / socialism) became entrenched on German soil (FRG/West Berlin and GDR) and almost escalated into the Cold War.

    The Oder-Warthe region first had to find its feet in this mixed situation and thus wrote its own new history. Germans and Poles organised the reconstruction after 1945 in peaceful neighbourhood, strictly controlled by the socialist regime. Accompanied by supply shortages and the persecution of dissidents, hidden and open resistance to the socialist system developed on both sides of the border in the 1960s and 1970s, as did the urge for social change and democratic conditions.

    Solidarnosc, glasnost and perestroika led to the peaceful revolution, political change and German reunification. The founding of the European Union in 1993 and Poland's accession in 2004 brought the Oder-Warthe region back together. Exciting traces of this development can be seen at many places of remembrance such as Trebnitz Castle, the Werbig Peace Forest, the Seelow historical railway station, the former border station Kostrzyn nad Odra or the Witnica Signpost Park.

    Our educational tour takes you back to a time of encounter and discovery and the growing together of the Oder-Warthe region.

    Campus Schloss Trebnitz - A lively place for the region

    The "Campus Schloss Trebnitz" successfully combines regional commitment with the activities of all local institutions in the fields of international exchange, extracurricular education, adult education, art and science. Enjoy a walk around the Trebnitz Castle campus and a visit to the Gustav Seitz Museum. With the free audio guide, you can organise your own tour (approx. 45 minutes). Let yourself be guided by the voice of the well-known singer-songwriter Rolf Zuckowski and learn interesting facts about Gustav Seitz.

    Werbig peace forest - a sign against war and in favour of communal remembrance

    On 13 April 1991, a private initiative created the first Seelow Heights Peace Forest on the Krugberg in Werbig to commemorate the largest battle of the Second World War on German soil. More than 40,000 people died in April 1945. In addition to the peace forest with 365 trees, the Krugberg also offers a magnificent view of the Oderbruch and interesting art objects. The peace forest initiative was the beginning of a chain of peace forests that leads across Poland (east of the Oder near the small village of Gorzyca) to Russia (Brest).

    Museum Geschichtsstation Seelow (Mark) - Exciting regional history between 1930 and 1960

    The former Seelow (Mark) station building is a representative functional building from the 19th century in typical railway architecture. Although the platform on the Frankfurt (Oder) - Eberswalde line is still in operation, the station building had been unused for a long time. As part of a subsidised project, the building was extensively renovated and converted into a museum of regional history by 2022. Here, the fateful events between 1930 and 1960 are vividly presented from the perspective of the inhabitants of the Oder-Warthe region.

    Former border station Kostrzyn nad Odra - a place of encounter and shared history

    The former border station on the B1 just behind the Oder is still almost in its original state. It is the last remaining border station on the Oder. The buildings next to the covered carriageway now house the Kostrzyn nad Odra town council and, on the other side, the Küstrin Fortress Museum. The fortress and former historic centre of Küstrin was almost completely destroyed by the Red Army in 1945 and never rebuilt. With the "Pompeii on the Oder" and the former border station, the town thus stands for several important events in the history of the region and the whole world.

    Witnica signpost park - plenty of room for interpretation

    Original exhibits linked to the historical route between Berlin and Königsberg, along which Witnica lay, have been brought together in this city park, which covers several hectares. The exhibits are grouped into four collections: Culture of the Way, Milestones of Civilisation, Reflection and Fantasy. The Signpost Park is an original way to convey knowledge about the history of technology and to reflect on the great changes of the centuries, the history of the western territories and the human suffering that accompanied them.

  • Memorial ensemble Kienitz

    Memorial ensemble Kienitz

    History trail war events 1945Panzerdenkmal and First Bridgehead on the Oder

    The small village of Kienitz symbolises the events of the final phase of the Second World War. On 31 January 1945, in the early hours of the morning, lightly armed advance units of the Red Army reached the Oder near Kienitz and formed a bridgehead to the west bank of the Oder at the ferry station and the harbour mill.

    On the Oder embankment near Kienitz, on the path to the former ferry landing stage, a metal stele symbolises the Red Army's transition to the western bank of the Oder. In the centre of the village of Kienitz, there is also a war memorial commemorating the First World War (1914-1918). World War I (1914-1918) in the centre of the village. A T-34 Soviet tank commemorates the fallen Soviet soldiers. A second memorial commemorates all victims of the 1939-1945 war.

    In mid-January 1945, the Red Army crossed the former eastern border of the German Reich and moved quickly towards the Oder. In the early hours of 31 January 1945, lightly armed advance units of the Red Army reached the Oder near Kienitz and formed a bridgehead to the west bank of the Oder at the former ferry station and the harbour mill.

    This event came as a complete surprise to the population. German troops were not stationed in the village. According to Wehrmacht reports, the Red Army was still believed to be far to the east. As a result, a bridgehead four kilometres wide and two kilometres deep was quickly established on the west bank. German units were hastily withdrawn from various combat sectors and marched to destroy the bridgehead again.

    The civilian population now also felt the full force of the devastating effects of the war, which they had previously only known from newsreels or reports from holidaymakers at the front. On 1 February 1945, the Kienitz harbour was bombed by the German air force. Numerous refugees from the eastern provinces of the German Reich, who sought shelter on their barges up to the harbour tip, were killed by the attack of their own air force. The population of Kienitz fled eastwards, against the actual flow of refugees, in order to escape the impending heavy fighting.

    The battles for the village of Kienitz lasted 76 days before the Red Army was finally able to take the village. The village was 80% destroyed. The last refugees returned to their hometown in June 1945.

    The small town of Kienitz and the war it lived through embodies as a symbolic time capsule all the unimaginable suffering inflicted on people during the war: the destruction of the landscape, the houses, war dead on both sides, hunger, cold, death, flight, expulsion, illness, the tearing apart of families, the loss of loved ones, imprisonment, the destruction of lives and the gnawing uncertainty of what was to come after the end of the war.

    The history of the bridgehead as an audio contribution (Language: German)

    Bridgehead monument

    The history of the Panzerdenkmal as an audio report (Language: German)

    Armoured memorial


    History trail war events 1945

  • War events 1945

    War events 1945

    Cross-border history trail in the footsteps of the war events in spring 1945

    The beginnings of National Socialist tyranny were gradual, as was the case everywhere in Germany, and were accompanied by hope and euphoria among the wider masses. Opponents of the regime were persecuted and imprisoned early on, e.g. in the Sonnenburg (Słońsk) penitentiary and concentration camp, one of the first of its kind.

    The advance of the Red Army and its allies from the east towards Berlin brought the war to the Order-Warthe region in January 1945 at the latest. On 31 January 1945, the Red Army reached the Sonnenburg (Słońsk) concentration camp. Further north, in Kienitz, a Soviet unit established the first bridgehead on the western side of the Oder at around the same time. The strategically important town of Küstrin (Kostrzyn nad Odrą) with its railway and road bridge was once again turned into a fortress and almost completely destroyed in 52 days of fighting. During the final major offensive towards Berlin that followed, tens of thousands of people lost their lives on the edge of the Oderbruch in the Battle of the Seelow Heights (16-19 April 1945); villages such as Klessin no longer exist. Shortly afterwards, the Allied troops reached Berlin and Nazi Germany surrendered in Berlin-Karlshorst on 8 May 1945.


    To mark the 80th anniversary of the end of the Second World War, commemorative events will be held from January to May 2025 on the historical dates along the history trail. The history trail is embedded in the cross-border tourism brand "Memory connects"which was founded in Seelow in 2023 and connects places of remembrance in the Oder-Warthe region on various historical topics. This German-polish network "Remembrance connects" works closely with the European Cultural Route of Liberation 1944-45 (Liberation Route Europe).

    The Liberation Route Europe is a certified cultural route of the Council of Europe that connects people, places and events to commemorate the liberation of Europe from occupation during the Second World War. With hundreds of stations and stories in more than ten European countries, the route connects the most important regions along the Allied advance in the years 1943-1945.

    Thanks to our project, the 7 stations of our cross-border history trail War Events 1945 are now also stations on the Liberation Route Europe.


    The development and establishment of the "History Trail War Events 1945" was funded as part of the project "Remembering Together - 80 Years of the End of the Second World War 2025" within the framework of the Small Projects Fund (KPF) 2021-2027 of the PRO EUROPA VIADRINA Euroregion as part of the INTERREG VI A Brandenburg-Poland 2021-2027 cooperation programme.

  • Project workshop "Tourism development and transnational cooperation"

    Project workshop "Tourism development and transnational cooperation"

    The workshop held on 19 July 2021 focused on the places of remembrance in the Oder-Warthe region as a basis for tourism development and transnational cooperation.

    The Liberation Route Europe (LRE) is a European Cultural Route, certified by the Council of Europe in 2019, to connect the main regions affected by the liberation of Europe from Nazi occupation in 1944-1945. The route combines historical content with a multi-perspective approach, remembrance tourism and tools for communicating remembrance at a European level. This makes the LRE an established and unrivalled partner for the development of international remembrance tourism in the Oder-Warthe region, especially for places of remembrance from the era of the "Schicksalsraum".

    The LRE representatives in attendance considered the "Sites of Remembrance" project to be exceptionally interesting and a good fit for cooperation. LRE started in 2008 with the development of the Path of Liberation from the Western Allied perspective, and has recently been working on the Path of Liberation from the East. The project results complement these activities and can open up an entire region for remembrance tourism.

    The representatives of FORTE CULTURA reflected on the remembrance project in a similar way, as there are some very interesting fortress monuments in the Oder-Warthe region. These include the Küstrin fortress, the former Driesen fortress, the fortified St John's castles in Lagow and Friedland, the Oder-Warthe fortification line and the Cold War military bunkers.

    The workshop resulted in extremely positive professional feedback for the project with regard to the content of the new tourism brand "Remembrance connects Oder-Warthe" and strong partnerships for educational, remembrance and cultural tourism at European level.

    The workshop participants also visited the Martyriums Museum Słońsk, the Culture and Meeting Centre in the former Słońsk House of Culture, Villa Wagner and the Küstrin Fortress in Kostrzyn nad Odra.

  • Opening of the Słońsk Culture Centre

    Opening of the Słońsk Culture Centre

    On 14 February 2020, Mayor Janusz Krzyśków opened the new cultural centre in Słońsk in the presence of over 100 invited guests. A conference hall with interpreting booths, exhibition rooms, a library, archive rooms and digital workstations and even 4 guest rooms await their new users.

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